The Consumption Function Essay Example for Free

The Consumption Function Essay To make the income-expenditure model more realistic, we will need to introduce other components of demand, including the government and the foreign sector. But first we need to recognize that consumers planned expenditures will depend on their level of income. †¢Consumer Spending and Income The consumption function describes the relationship between desired spending by consumers and the level of income. When consumers have more income, they will want to purchase more goods and services. A simple consumption function can be described by the equation C = Ca + by In which total consumption spending, C, has two parts. The first part, Ca, is called autonomous consumption, and it does not directly depend on the level of income. The second part, by, represents the part of consumption that does depend on income. It is the product of the fraction b, called the marginal propensity to consume (MPC), and level of income in the economy, y. The MPC, which has a value of b in our formula, tells us how much consumption spending will increase for every dollar that income increases. If b equals 0.7, then for every $1 that income increases, consumption would increase by 0.7 ÃŽ § $1, or $0.70. As firms produce output, they pay households income in the form of wages, interest, profits, and rents. We can therefore use y to represent both output and income. †¢Changes in the Consumption Function The consumption function is determined by the level of autonomous consumption and by the MPC. The level of autonomous consumption can change, and so can the MPC. Changes in either shift the consumption function to another position on the graph. A higher level of autonomous consumption but no change in MPC will shift the entire consumption function upward and parallel to its original position. More consumption occurs at every level of income. A number of factors can cause autonomous consumption to change. Here are two: Increases in consumer wealth will cause an increase in autonomous consumption. Wealth consists of the value of stocks, bonds, and consumer durables (consumer goods that last a long time, such as automobiles and refrigerators). Note that a person’s wealth is not the same as income. Income is the amount of money someone earns during a period, such as in a given year, whereas wealth represents the persons total net worth. Increases in consumer confidence will increase autonomous consumption ratio. Forecasters pay attention to consumer confidence, a measure based on household surveys of how positive consumers are feeling about the future, because it helps them to predict consumption spending. The Conference Board, a nonprofit organization devoted to disseminating economic analysis, publishes an index of consumer confidence each month that many forecasters rely on. A change in the marginal propensity to consume will cause a change in the slope of the consumption function.

Invisible Man Essay: The Phases of Invisibility -- Invisible Man Essay

The Phases of Invisibility in Invisible Man      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To be invisible is to be unable to be seen by anyone without artificial aid.   The invisible man is more impossible to locate than the proverbial needle in a haystack.   In Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man, the main character, I., progresses through various phases of symbolic invisibility.      The story begins with I. recounting the various steps and incidents that led him to realize his invisibility.   I.'s grandfather was a meek and humble man, and therefore surprised I. when he told him to "live with your head in the lion's mouth, overcome 'em with yeses, agree 'em to death and destruction."   This statement is the ever-present current that guides I. to his eventual self-discovery.   It haunts him beyond his discovery and even remains after his acceptance of his situation, where the reader realizes that even I. does not fully understand his grandfather's words.   The battle royal serves to open his eyes, although only slightly, only to be re-closed, because I. still gives his acceptance speech to the crowd of prominent white men from the town. These are the same men who were moments ago screaming "let me at that big nigger". Yet he still assumes these men respect him for his intelligence, and are taking him seriously. Upon reflection he realizes that this is whe n he really started running for the white man. He was playing their games, trying to grab the electrified money, not looking at the naked white woman, these men really started him running and taught him their game he was expected to play. The next big shock came after I.'s encounter with Mr. Norton, a prominent white man and huge contributor to the University he was attending. He takes Mr. Norton into the old slave... ...ntinues on to explore his newfound knowledge. There is a hope for those that are invisible, which so many are, that you may be able to come to terms with your transparency.    Works Cited Bellow, Saul. "Man Underground" Review of Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man. Commentary. June 1952. 1st December 1999<http://www.english.upeen.edu/~afilreis /50s/bellow-on-ellison.html Earl, Gerald. "Decoding Ralph Ellison" Essay obtained from IGC.org Summer '97. 30 November. <http://www.igc.org/dissent/archive/summer97/early.html Howe, Irving. "Black Boys and Native Sons" English Dept. at Univ. Penn. 1 December 1999 <http://www.english.upenn.edu/~afilreis/50s/howe-blackboys.html. Howe, Irving. "Review of: Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man" Pub. The Nation. 10 May 1952. 30 November 1999. <http://www.english.upenn.edu/~afilreis/50s/howe-on-ellison.html.

Heart Failure Alert System Using Rfid and Gps

HEART FAILURE ALERT SYSTEM USING RFID AND GPS -AN EFFECTIVE TECHNOLOGY FOR CONTINOUS MONITORING OF PATIENTS [pic] PRESENTED BY: ODUGU SIVA SUBRAMANYAM D. SANDEEP REDDY III/IV B. Tech, ECE III/IV B. Tech, ECE [email  protected] com [email  protected] com Mobile no: 8977631621 Mobile no:9494050980 GUDLAVALLERU ENGINEERING COLLEGEGUDLAVALLERU CONTENTS †¢ ABSTRACT †¢ INTRODUCTION †¢ OVERVIEW OF RFID SYSTEM †¢ GENERAL MODEL FOR HEART FAILURE ALERT SYSTEM †¢ WORKING ALGORITHMS †¢ CONCLUSION ABSTRACT: Now-a-days the deaths caused due to the heart failure have been of major concern . The majority of the deaths caused by heart failures are due to the lack of medical assistance in time. This paper gives an insight of a new technology that relates directly to the exploding wireless marketplace.This technology is a whole new wireless and RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) enabled frontier in which a victim’s actual location is integral for providing valuable medical services. The paper will be demonstrating for the first time ever the usage of wireless telecommunications systems and miniature sensor devices like RFID passive Tags , that are smaller than a grain of rice and equipped with a tiny antenna which will capture and wirelessly transmit a person's vital body-function data, such as pulse or body temperature , to an integrated ground station.In addition, the antenna will also receive information regarding the location of the individual from the GPS (Global Positioning Satellite) System. Both sets of data medical information and location will then be wirelessly transmitted to the ground station and made available to save lives by remotely monitoring the medical conditions of at-risk patients and providing emergency rescue units with the person's exact location. This paper gives a predicted general model for Heart Failure Alert System.It also discusses the Algorithm for converting the Analog pulse to Binary data in the tag a nd the Algorithm for alerting the Location & Tracking Station. It discusses in detail the various stages involved in tracking the exact location of the Victim using this technology INTRODUCTION: It is tough to declare convincingly what is the most important organ of our body. In fact every organ has its own importance contributing and coordinating superbly to keep the wonderful machine the human body functioning smoothly.And one of the primary organs which thebody cannot do without is the heart, 72 beats a minute or over a trillion in a lifetime. The pump house of our body pumping the blood to every corner of our body every moment, thus sending oxygen and nutrients to each and every cell. Over a period of time, the heart muscles go weak, the arteries get blocked and sometimes because of a shock a part of the heart stops functioning resulting in what is called a HEART ATTACK.Heart attack is a major cause of death and in today’s tension full world it has become very common. Pre sently there is no mechanism by which a device monitors a person’s heart 24 hours a day, 7 days a week and gives him instant protection in case of problem. Our primary focus is on people with a history of heart problem as they are more prone to death due to heart failure. In the 1970s, a group of scientists at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (LLL) realized that a handheld receiver stimulated by RF power could send back a coded radio signal.Such a system could be connected to a simple computer and used to control access to a secure facility This system ultimately became one of the first building entry systems based on the first commercial use of RFID. RFID or Radio Frequency identification is a technology that enables the tracking or identification of objects using IC based tags with an RF circuit and antenna, and RF readers that â€Å"read† and in some case modify the information stored in the IC memory. RFID:RFID is an automated data-capture technology that can be u sed to electronically identify , track, and store information about groups of products, individual items, or product components. The technology consists of three key pieces:1. RFID TAGS 2. RFID READERS 3. HOST COMPUTER RFID TAGS: RFID tags are small or miniaturized computer chips programmed with information about a product or with a number that corresponds to information that is stored in a database. The tags can be located inside or on the surface of the product, item, or packing material. pic] The RF tags could be divided in two major groups PASSIVE: where the power to energize the tag’s circuitry is draw from the reader generated field. and ACTIVE: in this case the tag has an internal power source, in general a battery that could be replaceable or not, in some case this feature limited the tag lifetime, but for some applications this is not important, or the tag is designed to live more than the typical time needed. |type |Frequency |Read | Tag source |Applications | | |ra nge |range |power | | |LF |

Steps of the Western blot analysis Free Essay Example, 1000 words

Steps of the Western blot analysis Definition – define the term â€Å"Western blot analysis† Western blot analysis remains a technique that can be used for identifying certain proteins or antibodies in which proteins become separated by the use of electrophoresis, then become transferred to nitrocellulose, and finally reacted with antibody (Pound 2001, p. 38). 2) Principle of the method – briefly explain the principle of the Western blot: This must include the following; a) separation of protein b) The picking up of protein with antibody. Western blot often involves analysis of proteins from cells. Often, cells become lysed to release protein content in them. These proteins content become separated in relation to their protein size by the use of a gel. Furthermore, the separated gel proteins become transferred onto a membrane surface by use of electricity. It becomes the purpose of the membrane to be used as a probe to separate proteins of interest. Often, a primary antibody becomes directed towards the protein of interest and binds to it leaving the nonspecific proteins unbound (Pound 2001, p. 39). Then, a secondary antibody becomes directed to recognize the primary antibody thereby forming a protein-antibody-antibody-sand witch. We will write a custom essay sample on Steps of the Western blot analysis or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Usually, the secondary antibody contain peroxidase enzyme that often converts luminal substrate to give a light releasing substrate. It hence becomes the light which becomes detected as a spot on the film. It becomes the spot size that determines how much protein remained in the spot, in relation to the size of other spots (Michael 2011, p. 56). 2) Steps of the Western blot analysis. List the steps and briefly describe/explain each of them. The first step in western blot analysis remains as the lysis of the cell. Here, the cell becomes lysed with a lysic buffer which contains detergents responsible for breaking the cell’s membrane. In addition, the lysic buffer also contains an inhibitor of the photolytic enzymes which prevent enzymatic degradation of proteins (Rosenberg 2005, p. 66). The second step in western blot analysis involves temperature denaturation. In this step, a sample of protein becomes left to boil for five minutes at a temperature of 95 C. The purpose of that often became to allow protein denaturation to occur. The first step and second step sometimes become referred to as sample preparation steps since they involve preparation of the given proteins to be used in the third step (Rosenberg 2005, p. 66). The third step entails gel electrophoresis.